The residential architecture of Nikonion. The results of archaeological research 2009-2011
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26485/AAL/2022/68/13Keywords:
Black Sea, colonization, Greek polis, houseAbstract
As a result of archaeological research carried out in 2008-2011 in ancient Nikonion, the settlement phases were revealed, referring to the declining phase of settlement of the city, the late and early Hellenistic and Late Classical periods. The declining phase dates back to the 1st-3rd century BC. Registered monuments indicate the presence of stone structures. However, due to the intensive agricultural exploitation of this place in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the exposed remains of the structure are badly damaged. They do not allow for the reconstruction of the buildings’ form, size and spatial development. The next settlement level is poorly preserved in architectural objects but manifests in the uncovered source material, mainly table ceramics. The most interesting, due to the state of preservation, are the remnants of architecture dating back to the early Hellenistic period. As a result of the research, a house was found consisting of at least six rooms with partially preserved stone and clay floors. The level relating to the Classical period was captured only as a result of surveys. However, it indicates a different spatial layout of the emerging architecture. The article presents the remains of architectural objects referring to individual phases and source material, allowing for their chronological interpretation.
References
OAM 90718/2 ‒ Otchet o rabote nikonijskoh ekspedicii Odeskogo Archeologicheskogo Muzeya NAN Ukrainy w 1988 g.
OAM 91919/2 ‒ Otchet o rabote nikonijskoh ekspedicii Odeskogo Archeologicheskogo Muzeya NAN Ukrainy w 1996 g. Albom ilyustracii.
OAM 95085/2 ‒ Otchet o rabote nikonijskoh ekspedicii Odeskogo Archeologicheskogo Muzeya NAN Ukrainy w 1997 g.
OГАМ 80887/2 ‒ Otchet o rabote nikonijskoh ekspedicii Odeskogo Archeologicheskogo Muzeya NAN Ukrainy w 1998 g.
OГАМ 86966/6 ‒ Otchet o rabote nikonijskoh ekspedicii Odeskogo Archeologicheskogo Muzeya NAN Ukrainy w 1976 g. Albom ilyustracii.
OГАМ 90575/2 ‒ Otchet o rabote nikonijskoh ekspedicii Odeskogo Archeologicheskogo Muzeya NAN Ukrainy w 1987 g. Albom ilyustracii.
OГАМ 90575/3 ‒ Otchet o rabote nikonijskoh ekspedicii Odeskogo Archeologicheskogo Muzeya NAN Ukrainy w 1987 g. Inventarnaya opis’ nachodok.
OГАМ 90719/3 ‒ Otchet o rabote nikonijskoh ekspedicii Odeskogo Archeologicheskogo Muzeya NAN Ukrainy w 1989 g. Polevaya opis’ nachodok.
OГАМ 91337/1 ‒ Otchet o rabote nikonijskoh ekspedicii Odeskogo Archeologicheskogo Muzeya NAN Ukrainy w 1991 g. Albom ilyustracii.
Abadie-Reynal C. 1999. Les amphores romaines en Mer Noire (Ier-IVes.). In. Y. Garlan (ed.), Production et commerce des amphores anciennes en Mer Noire, Aix-en-Provence, 255-264.
Alekseyeva E.M. 1975. Antichnyye busy severnogo Prichernomor’ya, Arkheologiya SSSR. Svod arkheologicheskikh istochnikov. Vyp. G1-12, Moskva.
Alekseyeva E.M. 1978. Antichnyye busy severnogo Prichernomor’ya, Arkheologiya SSSR. Svod arkheologicheskikh istochnikov. Vyp. G1-12, Moskva.
Ambroz A.K. 1966. Fibuly iuga Evropeiskoi chasti SSSR. II v. do n.e. - IV v. n.e., Svod arkheologicheskikh istochnikov, vol. DI-30, Moskva.
Anderson 2011 Paphlagonia in Late Antiquity: Landscape and Material Culture in North- Central Anatolia (Unpubl. Diss.; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne 2011).
Awianowicz B. 2009. Hellenistic Ostracon from Nikonion, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 168, 196-198.
Awianowicz B. 2011. A New Hellenistic ostracon from Nikonion’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 178, 237-239.
Bes P. 2014. The Cide Region in the Roman Period, in: B.S. Düring/C. Glatz (eds.), Kinetic Landscapes, The Cide Archaeological Project 2009-2011: Surveying the Western Turkish Black Sea Region (Warsaw 2014), pp. 273-300.
Bezeczky T., Scherrer P., Sauer R. (Contributors). 2013. The amphorae of Roman Ephesus, Forschungen in Ephesos, vol 15.1, Wien.
Blid J. 2012. Felicium temporum reparation. Labraunda in late antiquity (c. AD 300-600), Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm.
Broneer O. 1977. Isthmia III: Terracotta Lamps. The American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Princeton.
Brujako I.V. Dzigovskij A.N., Sekerskaya N.M. 2008. Nikonij rimskoj epochi, Odessa.
Burakov A.V. 1976. Kozyrskoe gorodishe rubezha pervych stoletij nashej ery, Kiev.
Buyskich S.B. 2006. Seraja keramika kak etnoppokazatel’ ggrecheskogo naseleniya nizhnego pobuzh’ya v VI-I vv. do n.e., Bosprskie Issledovaniya, 11, 29-57.
Buyskich S.B. 2008a. Dom vi II kwartale Chersonesa i problemy ego planirovochnoy organizacji, Bosporskie Issledovaniya, 19, 83-101.
Buyskich S.B. 2008b. Prostranstvennoe razvitie Chersonesa Tavricheskogo v antichnuyo epochu, Simferopol.
Buyskich S.B. 2012. Seraya goncharnaya keramika Bospora (popytka osmysleniya na fone Severnogo Prichernomor’ya, Bosporskie Issledovaniya, 26, 22-58.
Buzoianu L., Barbulescu M. 2008. Albeşti. Monografie Archeologica I, Bibliotheca Tomitana IV, Constanta.
Callender M.H. 1965. Roman Amphorae, London.
Carter J. C., Crawford M., Lehman P., Nikolaenko G., Trelogan J. 2000. The Chora of Chersonesos in Crimea, Ukraine, American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 104, no. 4, 707-741.
Chistov D.E. 2017. Zhiloye domostroitelstvo Berezanskogo poseleniya vtoroy poloviny VI - pervoy poloviny V v. do n. e. In. N. Nosov (ed.), Arkheologicheskiye vesti 23, Rossiyskaya Akademiya Nauk, Sankt-Petersburg, 132-153.
Davidson G.R. 1952. Corinth XII. The Minor Objects. The American School of Classical Studies at Athens. Princeton.
Doksanaltı and Karauğuz, The Hellenistic and Roman Ceramics from the Field Survey at Devrek and Environs”, in: G.R. Tsetskhladze/ E. Laflı/J. Hargrave/W. Anderson (eds.), The Black Sea, Paphlagonia, Pontus and Phrygia in Antiquity. Aspects of Archaeology and Ancient
From the Collection of the State Museum-Preserve, Tauric Chersonese. Catalogue. Satarov.
Gavrilov A.V. 2002. Ukreplennye pamyatniki antichnoy epochi v blizhnich okrestnostyach Feodosii, Bosporskie Issledovanya 2, 159-192.
Gaydukevich V. F. 1952. Raskopki Mirmekiya v 1935-1938 gg. Bosporskiye goroda. Tom 1. Itogi arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy Tiritaki i Mirmekiya v 1935-1940 gg., Materialy i issledovaniya po arkheologii SSSR, vyp. 25, Moskva, 135-222.
Głuszek I. 206. The private letter discovered in Nikonion, Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia 62, 16-30.
Głuszek I. 2017. The Athenian Red-Figure Pottery Found in Nikonion During Excavations of 2007-2012, Studies in Ancient Art and Civilisation, vol. 21, 89-117.
Głuszek I. 2019. Black-Gloss Campana Pottery from Nikonion and Histria – Preliminary Study, Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia 65, 7-18.
Głuszek I. 2021. Black-Gloss Pottery Found in a Residential Building in Nikonion. Research Seasons 2008-2011, Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia 67, 27-36.
Gudkova A.V., Bruyako I.V. 1997. Lepnaja keramika rimskogo vremeni iż Nikonija, in: Nikonij i antichnyh mir Severnogo Prichernomorya. Materialy mezhdunarodnoj konferencji, Odessa, 72-76.
Gudkova A.V., Russova A.V. 1980. Metallicheskiye ukrasheniya iz mogil’nika rimskogo vremeni Mologa II. In. Issledovaniya po antichnoy arkheologii yugozapada Ukrainskoy SSR. Kiev, 122-135.
Handberg S., Stolba V.F., Ushakov V. 2008. Classical and Hellenistic Grey Ware from the Western Crimea. In: Pontica 42, Supplementum 1. Pontic Grey Wares: International Conference Bucarest-Constantza: September 30th-October 3rd 2008, Constanta, 167-186.
Hayes J. 1985. Sigillate orientali. In: Atlante delle Forme Ceramiche II. Ceramica Fine Romana nel Bacino Mediterraneo (Tardo Ellenismo e Primo Impero). EAA (Roma 1985) 1-96.
Hayes J. W. 2008. Roman Pottery. The Fine Ware Import. The Athenian Agora, Vol. 32. American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Princeton.
Hayes, J.W. 1991. The Hellenistic and Roman pottery, Paphos III, Nicosia.
Heath S., Tekkök B. (ed.) 2008. Greek, Roman and Byzantine Pottery at Ilion (Troia), San Francisco.
Howland R.H. 1958. Greek Lamps and Their Survivals. The Athenian Agora, vol. IV, The American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Princeton.
Kats V. I. 2007. Grecheskiye keramicheskiye kleyma epokhi klassiki i ellinizma (opyt kompleksnogo izucheniya), Bosporskiye issledovaniya, vyp. XVIII, Simferopol’–Kerch’.
Kostromichev D.A. 2004. Metalicheskie predmety iż raskopok zolnika rimskogo vremeni v Kerchi, Bosporskie Issledovanya 5, 422-433.
Krapivina V.V. 1993. Olviya. Materialnaya kultura I-IV vv. N.e., Kiev.
Krapivina V.V. 2014. Late Hellenistic Red Slip Ware in Olbia. In. Bilde P.G., Lawall M.L., Pottery, people and places. Study and interpretation of late hellenistic pottery. Black Sea Studies 16, Aarhus, 287-294.
Kryzhickij I.A., Leypunskaya. 2010. Obosnovanie graficheskoy rekonstrukcji planirovki ellinisticheskich domov na ychastke NGS v Olvii, Bosporskie Issledovanya 24, 355-400.
Lafli E., Pataci S., Recent Studies on the Archaeology of Anatolia, Oxford 2015.
Lund J. 1998. The ceramic finewares from the late Classical to the late Antique period found in 1995 and 1996. In: Sørensen, L.W., Destrooper-Georgiades A., Frederiksen R., Winther Jacobsen K., Lund J. 1998. Third preliminary report of the Danish Archaeological Excavations at Panayis Ematousa, Aradippou, Cyprus, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 2, 319-381.
Lund J. 2007. The circulation of ceramic fine wares and transport amphorae from the Black Sea region in the Mediterranean, c. 400 BC-AD 200. In: V. Gabrielsen, J. Lund (eds.), The Black Sea in Antiquity. Regional and interregional economic exchanges, Aarhus, 183-194.
Mielczarek M., Okhotnikov S. B., Sekunda N. V. (eds.). 1997. Nikonion. An ancient city on the Lower Dniester, 1997, Toruń.
Mielczarek M. 2021. Nikonion w czasach rzymskich. Fragment historii antycznego miasta nad dolnym Dniestrem, Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia, 67, 15-25.
Meljukova A.I. 1975. Poseleniye i mogil’nik skifskogo vremeni u sela Nikolayevka, Moskva.
Monakhov S.Yu. 1999. Grecheskiye amfory v Prichernomor’ye: kompleksy keramicheskoy tary VII-II vv. do n.e. Saratov.
Monakhov S.Yu. 2003. Grecheskiye amfory v Prichernomor’ye: tipologiya amfor vedushchikh tsentrov-eksporterov tovarov v keramicheskoy tare. Moskva, Saratov.
Monakhov S.Yu., Fedoseyev N.F. 2013. Zametki po lokalizatsii keramicheskoy tary. IV: amfory Ikosa. In. S.Yu. Monakhov (red.), Antichnyy mir i arkheologiya 16, Saratov, 255-266.
Monakhov S.Yu., Kuznetsova E.V. 2009. Ob odnoy serii amfor neustanovlennogo doriyskogo tsentra IV v. do n.e. In: V.P. Kopylov (red.). Mezhdunarodnyye otnosheniya v basseyne Chernogo morya v skifoantichnoye i khazarskoye vremya, Rostov-na-Donu, 148- 161.
Monakhov S.Yu., Kuznetsova YE.V., Churekova N.B. 2017. Amfory V–II vv. do n.e. iz sobraniya gosudarstvennogo istoriko-arkheologicheskogo muzeya-zapovednika, Khersones Tavricheskiy. Katalog. Saratov.
Oelmann F. 1914. Die Keramik des Kastells Niederbieber Materialien zur römisch-germanischen Keramik 1. Frankfurt am Main.
Peacock D., Williams D. 1986. Amphorae and the Roman Economy, Longman Archaeology Series. Essex.
Peacock D.P.S. 1982. Pottery in the Roman world: an ethnoarchaeological approach, London.
Pélichet P.E. 1946. A propos des amphores romaines trouvées a Nyon, Zeitschrift für schweizerische Archäologie und Kunstgeschichte, 8, 189-209.
Radulescu R. 1973. Amfore cu inscriţii de la edificiul roman cu mozaic din Tomis, Pontica 6, 193-208.
Riley J. 1982. The Coarse Pottery from Berenice. In: J. Lloyd (ed.), Excavations at Sidi Khrebish Benghazi (Berenice), Volume II, Tripoli: 91- 467.
Robinson H.S. 1959. Pottery of the Roman Period: Chronology. The Athenian Agora, Vol. 5, American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Princeton.
Rotroff S.I. 1997. Hellenistic Pottery Athenian and Imported Wheelmade Table Ware and Related Material, The Athenian Agora, vol. 29. American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Princeton.
Samoilova T, Ostapenko P. 2008. Grey Clay Ceramics from Tyras. In: Pontica 42, Supplementum 1. Pontic Grey Wares: International Conference Bucarest-Constantza: September 30th–October 3rd 2008, Constanta, 53-66.
Sebastian H., Billur T. 2008. Greek, Roman and Byzantine Pottery at Ilion (Troia), 2008 Troia.
Sekerskaya N.M. 1989. Antichnyj Nikonij i ego okruga v VI-IV vv. do n.e., Kiev.
Sekerskaya N.M. 2001. Nikonij. In. Antichnye pamyatniki Severo-Zapadnogo Prichernomor’ya, Kiev.
Shramko B.A. 1975. Krepost skifskoj epochi u s. Belsk – gorod gelon. In: A.I. Terenozhkin (red.), Skifskij mir, Kiev, 94-132.
Sparkes B.A., Talcott L. 1970. Black and Plain Pottery of the 6th, 5th and 4th Centuries B.C. The Athenian Agora, vol. 12, American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Princeton.
Terenozhkin A.I., Il’inskaya V.A., Mozolevskiy B.N. Skifskiy kurgannyy mogil’nik Gaymanovo Pole (raskopki 1968 g.). In: A.I. Terenozhkin (red.), Skify i sarmaty, Kiev, 152-199.
Trufanov A.A. 1997. Tipologiya krasnolakovych tarelok s vertikalnym bortikom (po materialam mogilnikov Jugo-Zapadnogo i Centralnogo Kryma), Bachchisarayskij istoriko-archeologicheskiy sbornik, wyp. 1, 181-193.
Trufanov A.A. 2018. Krasnolakovyye oynokhoi Ust’-Al’minskogo nekropolya. In. I.N. Chrapunov, A.A. Stoynova (ed.), Krym v sarmatskuyu epokhu (II v. do n.e. - IV v. n.e.), 3, 85-102.
Trümper M. 2005. Modest Housing in Late Hellenistic Delos. In. B. A. Ault, L. C. Nevett (ed.), Ancient Greek Houses and Households, Chronological, Regional and Social Diversity, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 119-140.
Tseikhladze G. R. 1990. Kolkhidskiye amfory Severo-Zapadnogo Kryma. In: Ju. L. Shapova, I.V. Jacenko, Pamyatniki zheleznogo veka v okrestnostyakh Evpatorii. Moskva, 90-110.
Tsetskhladze G. R., Vnukov S. Y. 1992. Colchian Amphorae: Typology, Chronology, and Aspects of Production, The Annual of the British School at Athens, vol. 87, 357-386.
Unterkircher E. 1983. Terra Sigillata aus dem Heraion von Samos. Mitt. DAI Athen 98, 1983, 173-214.
Vlasov V.P. 2005. Antichnye vliyaniya v pozdneskifskoy keramike Kryma, Bosporskie Issledovanya 8, 75-94.
Vnukov S.Yu. 2003. Prichernomorskiye amfory I v. do n.e. - II v. n.e. (morfologiya), Moskva.
Zabielina V.S. 1992. Antichnye glinyanye svetilniki iż Pantikapeya. Soobshcjenya Gosudarstvennogo muzeya izobrazitel‘nykh iskusstv im. A.S. Pushkina, vyp. 10, Moskva, 298-328.
Zeest I.B. 1960. Keramicheskaya tara Bospora, Moskva.
Zhuravlev D.V. 2005. Pontiyskie tarelki s vertykalnym boptikom iż mogilnika Bel’bek IV, Pamjati M.N. Zolotareva, Sevastopol XIV, 141-168.
Zhuravlev D.V. 2010. Krasnolakovaya keramika jugo-zapadnogo Kryma I-III vv. n.e. Simferopol.
Zhuravlev, Bykovskaja, Zheltikova, 2007. Svetilniki VI - pervoy poloviny III v. do n.e. Iz sobraniya kerchenskogo istoriko-kulturnogo zapovednika, vyp. I, Kiev.
