Care as a catalyst for resistance. The case of non-unionised workers

Authors

  • Olga Gitkiewicz Uniwersytet Wrocławski, Poland

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26485/PS/2023/72.3/6

Keywords:

care, resistance, labour relations

Abstract

Care in sociology, especially sociology of work, is primarily the study of care work. In this article, I try to go beyond this perspective. Care is a central category, and I define it as a practice and as a relationship between people connected through the workplace who show support for each other – in verbal and non-verbal form.

In this article I present contemporary conceptions of care, the analytical potential of this category, and definitions useful in workplace research. The empirical basis for the considerations included in this text is the analysis of interviews conducted with non-unionised employees of small and medium-sized service enterprises, which turn out to be difficult workplaces. The analytical part shows the practices that I identify as worker care, which are aimed not only at giving emotional support, but also at activating worker resistance. I also argue that care and resistance in the workplace are interrelated, and the purpose of this article is to take a multidimensional look at this relationship.

References

Ackroyd Stephen, Paul Thompson. 1999 [2022]. Organizational misbehaviour. London: Sage.

Baccaro Lucio, Chris Howell. 2017. Trajectories of neoliberal transformation: European industrial relations since the 1970s. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Belanger Jacques, Paul Edwards. 2013. Conflict and contestation in the contemporary world of work: Theory and perspectives. In: New forms and expressions of conflict at work. G. Gall (ed.), 7–25. London: Palgrave Mcmillan.

Bhushan Sarala, Rao Trimurthi. 2017. “Work life balance among the employees in information technology sector – a sociological perspective”. Medico Research Chronicles 4(05): 539–44. https://medrech.com/index.php/medrech/article/view/273.

Bloemrad Irene, Will Kymlicka, Michele Lamont, Leanne S. Son Hing. 2019. Membership without social citizenship? Deservingness & redistribution as grounds of equality. Daedalus, the Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 148(3): 73–104. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48562998.

Blumer Herbert. 1954. “What is wrong with social theory?” American Sociological Review 19(1): 3–10. https://doi.org/10.2307/2088165.

Bubeck Elisabeth Diemunt. 1985. Care, gender and justice. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Chanial Philippe. 2014. “Don et care: Une perspective anthropologique”. Recherche et formation 76: 51–60. https://doi.org/10.4000/rechercheformation.2232.

Charkiewicz Ewa. 2009. Ekonomia opieki i reforma systemu ochrony zdrowia. W: Gender i ekonomia opieki. E. Charkiewicz, A. Zachorowska-Mazurkiewicz (red.), 122–133. Warszawa: Biblioteka Think Tanku Feministycznego.

Charkiewicz Ewa, Anna Zachorowska-Mazurkiewicz (red.). 2009. Gender i ekonomia opieki. Warszawa: Biblioteka Think Tanku Feministycznego.

Charmaz Kathy. 2009. Teoria ugruntowana: Praktyczny przewodnik po analizie jakościowej. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.

Czarzasty Jan. 2014. „Stosunki pracy w małych i średnich przedsiębiorstwach”. Problemy Polityki Społecznej 26(3): 135–153.

Czyżewski Marek. 2012. Praca pośrednicząca w relacjach polsko-żydowskich. Doświadczenia biograficzne i dyskurs publiczny. W: Zagłada Żydów na polskiej prowincji. A. Sitarek, M. T rębacz, E. Wiatr (red.), 478–496. Łódź: Wydawnictwo IPN Oddział Łódź.

Dobrowolska Danuta. 1980. Praca w życiu człowieka. Warszawa: Instytut Wydawniczy CRZZ.

Doellgast Virginia. 2022. Exit, voice, and solidarity: Contesting precarity in the US and European telecommunications industries. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Doellgast Virginia, Nathan Lillie, Valeria Pulignano. 2018. Reconstructing solidarity: Labour unions, precarious work, and the politics of institutional change in Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Dunn Elisabeth. 2008. Prywatyzując Polskę. O bobofrutach, wielkim biznesie i restrukturyzacji pracy. Warszawa: Krytyka Polityczna.

Engster Daniel. 2009. Rozważania na temat opieki: Praktyka i obowiązek opieki. W: Gender i ekonomia opieki. E. Charkiewicz, A. Zachorowska-Mazurkiewicz (red.), 25–60. Warszawa: Biblioteka Think Tanku Feministycznego.

Fantasia Rick. 1989. Cultures of solidarity. Consciousness, action, and contemporary American workers. University of California Press.

Fine Michael. 2005. “Induvidualisation, risk and the body. Sociology and care”. Journal of Sociology 41(3): 247–266. https://doi.org/10.1177/1440783305057077.

Fisher Berenice, Tronto Joan C. 1990. Toward a feminist theory of caring. In: Circles of care: Work and identity in women’s lives. E.K. Abel, M.K. Nelson (eds.), 35–62. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Hughes Everett C. 1972. “The linguistic division of labor in industrial and urban societies”. Advances in the sociology of language 2: 296–309.

Hebdon Robert, Sung Chul Noh. 2013. A theory of workplace conflict development: From grievances to strikes. In: New forms and expressions of conflict at work. Gall G. (ed.), 26–47. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Gardawski Juliusz, Adam Mrozowicki, Jan Czarzasty. 2012. Trade unions in Poland. Brussels: European Trade Unions Institute Report 123.

Gardawski Juliusz. (red.). 2013. Rzemieślnicy i biznesmeni. Właściciele małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw prywatnych. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar.

Gilligan Carol. 1982. In a different voice: Psychological theory and women’s development. Cambridge Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. [wydanie polskie: Gilligan Carol. 2015. Innym głosem. Teoria psychologiczna a rozwój kobiet. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Krytyki Politycznej].

Glaser Barney B., Judith Holton. 2010. „Remodelowanie teorii ugruntowanej”. Przegląd Socjologii Jakościowej 6(2): 81–102.

Glaser Barney, Anselm L. Strauss. 2009. Odkrywanie teorii ugruntowanej. Kraków: NOMOS.

Glenn Evelyn Nakano. 2000. “Creating a caring society”. Contemporary Sociology 29(1): 84–94. https://doi.org/10.2307/2654934.

Goodin Robert. 1995. Utilitarianism as a public philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Held Virginia. 2006. The ethics of care: Personal, political, and global. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hollander Jocelyn, Rachel Einwohner. 2004. “Conceptualizing resistance”. Sociological Forum 19(4): 533–554. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11206-004-0694-5.

Hryniewicz Janusz. 2007. Stosunki pracy w polskich organizacjach. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar.

Hyman Richard. 1999. Imagined solidarities: Can trade unions resist globalization? In: Globalisation and labour relastions. Leising P. (ed.), 94–115. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

Juruś Dariusz. 2015. „Czy etyka troski może prowadzić do zaniku troski?”. Roczniki Filozoficzne 63(2): 187–206. https://doi.org/10.18290/rf.2015.63.2-12.

Kaźmierska Kaja, Katarzyna Waniek. 2020. Autobiograficzny wywiad narracyjny. Metoda – technika – analiza. Łódź: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego.

Kollmeyer Christopher. 2021. “Post-industrial capitalism and trade union decline in affluent democracies”. International Journal of Comparative Sociology 62(6): 466–487. https://doi.org/10.1177/00207152221086876.

Kubisa Julia. 2014. Bunt białych czepków. Analiza działalności związkowej pielęgniarek i położnych. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar.

Leidner Robin. 1999. “Emotional labor in service work”. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 561(1): 81–95. https://doi.org/10.1177/000271629956100106.

Lightman Naomi, Anthony Kevins. 2021. “Women’s work: Welfare state spending and the gendered and classed dimensions of unpaid care”. Gender & Society 35(5):778–805. https://doi.org/10.1177/08912432211038.

Łapniewska Zofia. 2017. „Etyka troski a gospodarka przyszłości”. Praktyka Teoretyczna 2(24): 101–122. https://doi.org/10.14746/prt.2017.2.4.

Morgan Glenn, Valeria Pulignano. 2020. “Solidarity at work: Concepts, levels and challenges”. Work, Employment and Society 34(1): 18–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017019866626.

Mrozowicki Adam, Mateusz Karolak, Agata Krasowska. 2016. Between commitment and indifference. Trade unions, young workers and the expansion of precarious employment in Poland. In: Labour and social transformation in Central and Eastern Europe: Europeanization and beyond. V. Delteil, V. Kirov (eds.), 228–246. London–New York: Routledge.

Mullholland Kate. 2004. “Workplace resistance in an Irish call centre: Slammin’, scammin’ smokin’ an’ leavin’”. Work, Employment and Society 18(4): 709–724. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017004048691.

Noddings Nel. 1984. A feminine approach to ethics & moral education. London: University of California Press.

Paskov Marii, Caroline Dewilde. 2012. “Income inequality and solidarity in Europe”. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 30(4): 415–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2012.06.002.

Philips Judith. 2007. Care. Cambridge: Polity.

Pollert Anna, Andy Charlwood. 2008. The unorganised worker: Problems at work, routes to support and views on representation. Who experiences problems at work, what problems do they experience, what do they do about them and what happens as a result? Research Working Paper 11. Bristol Business School. https://uwe-repository.worktribe.com/output/1021196/the-unorganised-worker-problemsat-work-routes-to-support-and-views-on-representation-the-unrepresented-worker-survey-2004-working-paper-11-who-experiences-problems-at-work-what-problems-do-they-experience-what-do-they-do-about-them-and-what-happen [access: 15.01.2023].

Potts Hollie, Richie Mary, Kaas Merrie J. 2013. “Resistance to care”. Journal of Gerontological Nursing 22(11): 11–16. https://doi.org/10.3928/0098-9134-19961101-06.

Power Emma R, Bergan Tegan. 2019. “Care and resistance to neoliberal reform in social housing”. Housing, Theory and Society 36(4): 426–447. https://doi.org/10.1080/14036096.2018.1515112.

Rainnie Al. 1989. Industrial relations in small firms: Small isn’t beautiful. New York: Routledge.

Roscigno Vincent J., Randy Hodson. 2004. “The organizational and social foundations of worker resistance”. American Sociological Review 69(1): 14–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240406900103.

Rokuszewska-Pawełek Alicja. 1996. „Miejsce biografii w socjologii interpretatywnej. Program socjologii biografistycznej Fritza Schützego”. ASK. Społeczeństwo. Badania. Metody 3(1): 37–54.

Roy Donald F. 1959. “Banana time: Job satisfaction and informal interaction”. Human Organization 18(4): 158–168.

Ruddick Sara. 1998. Care as labor and relationship. In: Norms and values: Essays on the work of Virginia Held. J. C. Haber, M. S. Halfon (eds.), 3–25. Lanham-Boulder-New York-Oxford.

Scott James C. 1985. Weapons of the weak. New Haven–London: Yale University Press.

Schatzki Theodore R. 1996. Social practices. A Wittgensteinian approach to human activity the social. Cambridge: University Press.

Schütze Fritz. 2012. Analiza biograficzna ugruntowana empirycznie w autobiograficznym wywiadzie narracyjnym. Jak analizować autobiograficzne wywiady narracyjne. W: Metoda biograficzna w socjologii. Antologia tekstów. K. Kaźmierska (red.), 141–278. K raków: Zakład Wydawniczy NOMOS.

Schwarzenbach Sibyl A. 1996. “On civic friendship”. Ethics 107(1): 97–128. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2382245.

Smith Andrew, Linda McKie. 2009. “Researching «care» in and around the workplace”. Sociological Research Online 14(4)1: 1–7. https://doi.org/10.5153/sro.197.

Strauss Anselm. 1987. Qualitative analysis for social scientists. Cambridge University Press.

Strauss Anselm, Judith Corbin. 1990. Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Sage Publications, Inc.

Tailby Stephanie, Anna Pollert. 2011. “Non-unionized young workers and organizing the unorganized”. Economic and Industrial Democracy 32(3): 499–522. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143831X10388532.

Tassinari Arianna, Vincenzo Maccarrone. 2020. “Riders on the storm: Workplace solidarity among gig economy couriers in Italy and the UK”. Work, Employment and Society 34(1): 35–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017019862954.

Thompson Paul, Stephen Ackroyd. 1995. “All quiet on the workplace front? A critique of recent trends in British industrial sociology”. Sociology 29(4): 615–633. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038595029004004.

Tronto Joan C. 1993. Moral boundaries: A political argument for an ethic of care. New York: Routledge

Urbański Mariusz. 2009. Rozumowanie abdukcyjne. Modele i zastosowanie. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM.

Waniek Katarzyna. 2016. “Paradoxes of liaison work in individual experiences and their sociobiographical implications”. Przegląd Socjologiczny 65(4): 9–32.

Webber Gretchen, Patti Giuffre. 2019. Women’s relationships with women at work: Barriers to solidarity. Sociology Compass 13(6). https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12698.

Żywczok Alicja. 2018. „Troska, zatroskanie, troskliwość – niespecyficzne przedmioty badań pedagogiki ogólnej”. Forum Pedagogiczne 1: 105–118.

Downloads

Published

2023-09-15

How to Cite

Gitkiewicz, O. (2023). Care as a catalyst for resistance. The case of non-unionised workers. Przegląd Socjologiczny, 72(3), 143–170. https://doi.org/10.26485/PS/2023/72.3/6

Issue

Section

ARTICLES