The imperceptible scorpion: a short study on the visual and symbolic language of an erotic stamp seal impression found at Tepe Gawra
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26485/AAL/2023/69/11Keywords:
Tepe Gawra, Tepe Giyan, scorpion, snake, ritual sex, sexual intercourse, ChalcolithicAbstract
This paper examines a group of erotic stamp seal impressions found at Tepe Gawra, chiefly in the context of ancient Mesopotamian glyptic art. The aim of the work is to reinterpret those curious objects found with a representation of a mating couple on a seal, labelled by Tobler as no. 86 with the image of a scorpion. The article focuses on the motif of a scorpion, its morphology, its iconography, its cultural and symbolic meaning. The symbol of a scorpion, deeply immersed in the sphere of fertility and magic, seems to play a key role for the proper understanding of the visual language of the erotic scenes found at Tepe Gawra.
References
Algaze G. 2005. The Uruk World System. The Dynamics of Expansion of Early Mesopotamian Civilization. Chicago, London: The University of Chicago Press.
Aruz J. 2003. “Intercultural Style” Carved Chlorite Objects. In Art of the First Cities. The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus. J. Aruz, R. Wallenfels (eds.), 325-346, New York, New Haven, London: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Yale University Press.
Asher-Greve J.M. 1985. Frauen in altsumerisher Zeit. Bibliotheca Mesopotamica 18, Malibu: Undena Publications.
Assante J. 2002. Sex, Magic and the Liminal Body in the Erotic Art and Texts of the Old Babylonian Period. In Sex and Gender in the Ancient Near East, vol. I. Proceedings of the 47th RAI, Helsinki, July 2-6, 2001, S. Parpola, R.M. Whiting (eds.), 27-52, Helsinki: The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, Institute form Asian and African Studies, University of Helsinki.
Bache Ch. 1933. From Mr. Bache’s First Report on the Joint Excavations at Tepe Gawra and Tell Billah 1932-3. ASOR 49, 8-14.
Bache Ch. 1935a. A Report from Mr. Bache on the Tepe Gawra Expedition. ASOR 57, 12-18.
Bache Ch. 1935b. Tepe Gawra 1934-1935. AJA 39/2, 185-188.
Bache Ch. 1936. Report on the Joint Excavation of the Tepe Gawra in Assyria. ASOR 61, 5-10.
Battini L. 2006. Les images de la naissance en Mésopotamie. In L. Médecine et médecins au Proche-Orient ancient. Actes du Colloque International organisé à Lyon les 8 et 9 novembre 2002, Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée, L. Battini, P. Villard (eds.), BAR International Series 1528: 1-37. Oxford: Archaeopress.
Benton T.G. 1991. Reproduction and Paternal Care in the Scorpion Euscorpius Flavicaudis, Behviour 117, no. 1/2, 20-28.
Bergeron Z.L., Bingham J-P. 2012. Scorpions Toxins Specific for Pottasium (K+) Channels: A Historical Overview of Peptide Bioengineering. Toxins 4, 1082-1119.
Biggs R. 1967. ŠÀ.ZI.GA Ancient Mesopotamian Potency Incantations. Texts from Cuneiform Sources II, Locust Valley, New York: J.J. Augustin Publisher.
Buchanan B. 1967. The Prehistoric Stamp Seal. A reconsideration of Some Old Excavations. JAOS 87/3, 265-279.
Caldwell D.H. 1976. The Early Glyptic of Gawra, Giyan and Susa, and the Development of Long Distance Trade. Orientalia Nova Series 45, 227-250.
Carter E., Hole F., Bahrani Z., Spycket A., Aruz J. 1992. Prehistoric Susa Circa 4000 B.C. In The Royal City of Susa. Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre, Harper P.O., Aruz J., Tallon F. (eds.), 25-46, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Cooper J.S. 1972-1975. Heiliege Hohzeit. B. Archäologish, RlA 4, 259-269.
Delaporte L. 1910. Catalogue des cylindres orientaux et des cachets assyro-babyloniens, perses et syro-cappadociens de la Bibliothèque Nationale. Paris: Ernest Leroux, Éditeur.
Denham S. 2018. Late Neolithic and Early Chalcolithic Glyphs and Stamp Seals in the British Museum. Research Publication 208. The Trustees of the British Museum.
Deolougaz P., Kantor H.J. 1996. Chogha Mish, vol. I. The First Five Seasons of Excavations 1961- 1971. Part 2, Plates, A. Alizadeh (ed.). OIP 101, Chicago, Illinois: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
Frangipane M. 2009. Non-urban Hierarchical Patterns of Territorial and Political Organization in Northern Regions of Greater Mesopotamia: Tepe Gawra and Arslantepe. In A propos de Tepe Gawra le monde proto-urbain de Mésopotamie, P. Butterlin (ed.), 135- 148, Subartu 23, Turnhout: Brepols Publishers.
Frankfort H. 1935. Oriental Institute Discoveries in Iraq, 1933/34. Fourth Preliminary Report of the Iraq Expedition, OIP 19, Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press.
Frankfort H. 1955. Stratified Cylinder Seals from the Diyala Region. OIP 72, Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press.
Hall H.R. 1928. Babylonian and Assyrian Sculpture in the British Museum. Paris, Brussels: Les Éditions G. Van Oest.
Herzfeld E. 1933. Archaeologische Mitteilungen aus Iran, Band 5. Berlin: Verlag von Dietrich Reimer.
Legrain L. 1936. Ur Excavations vol. III. Archaic Seal Impressions. Oxford University Press.
Lourenço W.R. 2018. Scorpions and life-history strategies: from evolutionary dynamics toward the scorpionism problem. Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases 24, no. 19, 1-12.
Lourenço W.R., Ythier E., Cloudsley-Thompson J. L. 2008. Observations on the life history of Chaerilus philippinus Lourenço & Ythier, 2008 (Scorpiones, Chaerilidae) from the Philippines. Comptes Rendus Biologies 331, no. 11, 896- 900.
Mackay E. 1931. Report on Excavations at Jemdet Nasr Iraq. Field Museum of Natural History. Anthropology Memoirs, vol. I, no. 3, 219-303.
Malul M. 1989. Susapinnu: The Mesopotamian Paranymph and His Role, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, vol. 32, no. 3, 241-278.
Matthews D.M., 1997. The Early Glyptic of Tell Brak: Cylinder Seals of Third Millennium Syria. Orbis Bilbicus et Orientalis 15, Fribourg, Switzerland, Göttingen: University Press, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
Matthews R., Fazeli Nashli F. N. 2022. The Archaeology of Iran from the Palaeolithic to the Achaemenid Empire. London, New York: Routledge. Taylor & Francis Group.
Mazzoni F. 2002. The Squatting Woman: Between Fertility and Eroticism. In Sex and Gender in the Ancient Near East, vol. II. Proceedings of the 47th RAI, Helsinki, July 2-6, 2001, S. Parpola, R.M. Whiting (eds.), 367-377, Helsinki: The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, Institute form Asian and African Studies, University of Helsinki.
Muller E.B, Bache Ch. The Prehistoric Temple of Stratum IX at Tepe Gawra. ASOR 54, 13-18
Nunes K.P., Torres F.S., Borges M.H., Matavel A., Pimenta A.M.C., De Lima M.E. 2013. New insights on arthropod toxins that potentiate erectile function. Toxicon 69, 152-159.
Oates J. 2001. The Third Millennium Pottery. In Excavations at Tell Brak. Vol 2. Nagar in the Third Millennium BC, D. Oates, J. Oates, H. McDonald (eds.), 151-194, London, Cambridge: British School of Archaeology in Iraq, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge.
Olguín-Pérez L., Francke O.F., Carbajal-Saucedo A. 2021. Evidence of piercing and sexual differences in venom composition in a sexual stinging scorpion (Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae), Journal of Arachnology 49, 98-107.
Pientka-Hinz R. 2009-2011. Schlange A. In Mesopotamien. In RlA 12, S. Ecklin, S. Pfaffinger (eds.), 202-218, Berlin, Boston: Wlater de Gruyter GmbH & Co.
Pientka-Hinz R. 2009-2011. Skorpion. In S. RlA 12, Ecklin, S. Pfaffinger (eds.), 576-580, Berlin, Boston: Wlater de Gruyter GmbH & Co.
Pizzimenti S., Polcaro A. 2021. From Earth to Heaven. The Symbol of the Scorpion and its Astronomical Association in Mesopotamia. In Atti del XVII Convegno SIA: Ex Oriente: Mithra and the others: Astronomical contents in the cults of Eastern origin in ancient Italy and Western Mediterranean, A. Antonello (ed.), 311-328, Padova: Padova University Press.
Polis G.A., Farley R.D. 1979. Behavior and Ecology of Mating in Cannibalistic Scorpion, Paruroctonus mesaensis Stahnke (Scorpionida: Vaejpvidae), The Journal of Arachnology 7, no. 1, 33-46.
Porada E., Hansen D.P., Dunham S., Babcock S.H. 1992. The Chronology of Mesopotamia, ca. 7000-1600 B.C. In Chronologies in the World Archaeology, vol. I., R.W. Ehrich (ed.), 77-121, Chicago, London: The University of Chicago Press.
Rothman M.S. 2001. The Tigris Piedmont, Eastern Jezira, and Highland Western Iran in the Fourth Millennium B.C. In Uruk Mesopotamia & Its Neighbors. Cross-Cultural Interactions in the Era of the State Formation, M. S. Rothman (ed.), 349-401, Santa Fe, Oxford: School of American Research Press, James Currey Ltd.
Rothman M.S. 2002. Tepe Gawra. Chronology and Socio-Economic Change in the Foothills of Northern Iraq in the Era of the State Formation. In Artefacts of Complexity: Tracking the Uruk in the Near East, J.N. Postgate (ed.), 49-77, Iraq Archaeological Reports 5, British Schoof of Archaeology in Iraq, Aris & Phillips Ltd.
Rothman M.S., Peasnall B. 1999. Societal Evolution of Small, Prestate Centers and Polities: the Example of Tepe Gawra in Norther Mesopotamia, Paléorient 25/1, 101-114.
Schmandt-Besserat D. 2006. The Interface Between Writing and Art: The Seals of the Tepe Gawra, Syria 83, 183-193.
Shaffer L.R., Formanowicz Jr D.R. 1996. A cost of viviparity and parental care in scorpions: reduced sprint speed and behavioural compensation. Animal Behaviour 51, 1017-1024.
Speiser A.E. 1927-1928. Excavations at Tepe Gawra. ASOR 9, 17-94.
Speiser A.E. 1932. The Joint Excavation at Tepe Gawra. January and June Reports. ASOR 47, 17-23.
Speiser A.E. 1935. Excavations at Tepe Gawra, vol. 1. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Speiser E.A. 1937a. New Discoveries at Tepe Gawra and Khafaje. AJA 41/2, 190-193.
Speiser E.A. 1937b. Excavations at Tepe Gawra During the Season of 1936-37. BAII 5/1, 2-6.
Steele C., McDonald H., Matthews R., Black J. 2003. Later third-millennium investigations: the Late Early Dynastic and Akkadian periods. In Excavations at Tell Brak, vol. 4. Exploring an Upper Mesopotamia regional culture, 1994- 1996, R. Matthews (ed.), 193-269, London, Cambridge: British School of Archaeology in Iraq, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge.
Tobler A.J. 1950. Excavations at Tepe Gawra. Joint Expedition of the Baghdad School and the University Museum to Mesopotamia, vol. 2. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, London: Geoffrey Cumberlege, Oxford University Press.
Toscanne P. 1917. Sur la figuration et le Symbole du Scorpion, RA 14, no. 4, 187-203.
Vachon M. 1956. The Biology of Scorpions. The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 54, 128-139.
Van Buren E.D. 1937-139. The Scorpion in Mesopotamian Art and Religion, AfO 12, 1-28.
Wiseman D.J. 1962. Catalogue of the Western Asiatic Seals in the British Museum I. Cylinder Seals. Uruk – Early Dynastic Periods. London: The Trustees of the British Museum.
Woolley C.L. 1934. Ur Excavations, Vol II. The Royal Cemetery. Plates, Publications of the Joint Expedition of the British Museum and the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania to Mesopotamia, New York: Trustees of the two Museums.
Zernecke A.E. 2008. Warum sitz der Skorpion unter dem Bett? Überlegungen zur Deutung eines altorientalischen Fruchtbarkeitssymbols, ZDPV 124/2, 107-127.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.