Badania kategoryzacji uczestnictwa: Etnometodologia czy analiza konstrukcyjna?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26485/PS/2026/75.1/7Słowa kluczowe:
kategoryzacja aktywności, komunikacja naukowa w dziedzinie astronomii, analiza konstrukcyjna, Harvey Sacks, wszechistotność, rozdzielanie (ang. partitioning)Abstrakt
Odrzucając istniejące antropologiczne układy pojęciowe, Harvey Sacks rozwinął analizę urządzeń kategoryzacji uczestnictwa (ang. membership categorization device, MCD), aby badać to, jak ludzie stosują w ramach interakcji zwyczajne kategorie, a nie kategorie sformułowane przez badaczy. Analiza MCD została stopniowo przekształcona w analizę kategoryzacji uczestnictwa (ang. membership categorization analysis, MCA), co wiązało się z próbami oczyszczenia oryginalnego, sformułowanego przez Sacksa układu pojęciowego MCD, mającymi na celu przeciwstawienie się kognitywistycznym pozostałościom wynikającym z jego antropologicznych źródeł. Badając aktywności kategoryzacyjne uczestników (ang. members’ categorization activities) podczas interakcji w ramach sesji naukowej komunikacji w dziedzinie astronomii (ang. astronomy communication) – polegających na obserwacji nieba za pomocą teleskopu lub gołym okiem – przekonaliśmy się, że analiza kategoryzacji uczestnictwa (MCA) w jej obecnym stanie nie dysponuje wystarczającym wyczuleniem, by zdać sprawę z tego, jak używane są kategorie w ramach owych sesji. Dlatego proponujemy rozróżnienie między dwoma odmianami analizy kategoryzacji uczestnictwa (MCA): etnometodologiczną i konstrukcyjno-analityczną. Rozszerzając argumentację dotyczącą schematycznych badań miejsc pracy w etnometodologii na badania kategoryzacji uczestnictwa sugerujemy, iż współczesne badania w obszarze MCA nie pozwalają na pełne wykorzystanie ich etnometodologicznego potencjału i prowadzą z powrotem do analizy konstrukcyjnej. Wynika to po części z tego, że przejście od zdekontekstualizowanych do sytuacyjnie ulokowanych urządzeń i kategorii (ang. Devices and Categories) zachowało kluczową słabość MCA. „Wszechistotność” (ang. omnirelevance), termin zaproponowany przez Sacksa, jest dzisiaj stosowany z „analityczną dowolnością” jako kognitywistyczny szablon w większym stopniu dający wizerunek „uprawiania MCA” niż faktycznie umożliwiający opis praktyk uczestników.
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