Expanded joints and other periglacial phenomena along the Niagara escarpment
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26485/BP/1972/21/7Keywords:
sinkholes, solifluction cover, ice wedges in joint, woodfordianAbstract
ABSTRAKT EN:
The crest of the Niagara escarpment from Fayette county, Iowa southeastward into Carroll county, Illinois is dotted with small sinkholes. The face of the escarpment is mantled with cryoturbates and the foot of it locally is fringed by solifluction aprons.
Those of the sinkholes which are open give access to deep, narrow fissures partly filled with pieces of shattered dolomite. The fissures were procluced by the development of ice wedges in joint openings parallel with the local face of the escarpment and the resultant displacement of joint-bounded dolomite blocks outward across the top of the Maquoketa shale.
Several feet of broken, disturbed dolomite are visible above the bedrockand below the soil in many exposures along the Niagara escarpment. In sqme places, this "head'' has moved downslope by solifluctipn and has accumulated at the base of the escarpment as terrace-like jumbles of blocky material. The finer constituents occasionally have been piped out of these solifluction aprons, leaving small, cavernous openings among the blocks.
Periglacial phenomena in Wisconsin are restricted to drifts of pre-Valderan ages; they are common in areas invaded by Rockian ice. This, together with the presence of Woodfordian drifts on three sides of the Niagara. Escarpment area in Iowa, Wisconsin, and Illinois, suggests that the expanded joints and other periglacial phenomena developed in Woodfordian time.
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